{"id":36699,"date":"2022-02-26T15:21:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-26T14:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/nieuws\/de-lange-weg-naar-grootschalige-kwantumcomputers\/"},"modified":"2026-01-05T13:50:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T12:50:26","slug":"de-lange-weg-naar-grootschalige-kwantumcomputers","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/news\/de-lange-weg-naar-grootschalige-kwantumcomputers\/","title":{"rendered":"The long road to large-scale quantum computers"},"content":{"rendered":"<header id=\"header\" class=\"header header--low header--branch\">\n\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"header__background header__background--graphic\"><\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"header__content\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"header__first\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"header__title\" >\n\t\t\t\t\tThe long road to large-scale quantum computers\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header__dots-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"431\" height=\"9\" viewbox=\"0 0 431 9\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M430.799 4.192a1.136 1.136 0 1 1-2.272-.001 1.136 1.136 0 0 1 2.272 0Zm-27.272 0a1.135 1.135 0 1 1-2.27 0 1.135 1.135 0 0 1 2.27 0Zm-27.27 0a1.136 1.136 0 1 1-2.272-.001 1.136 1.136 0 0 1 2.272 0Zm-27.272 0a1.39 1.39 0 1 1-2.78 0 1.39 1.39 0 0 1 2.78 0Zm-27.78 0a1.645 1.645 0 1 1-3.29 0 1.645 1.645 0 0 1 3.29 0Zm-28.29 0a1.9 1.9 0 1 1-3.799 0 1.9 1.9 0 0 1 3.799 0Zm-28.799 0a2.154 2.154 0 1 1-4.308 0 2.154 2.154 0 0 1 4.308 0Zm-29.308 0a2.41 2.41 0 1 1-4.819 0 2.41 2.41 0 0 1 4.819 0Zm-29.819 0a2.663 2.663 0 1 1-5.326.001 2.663 2.663 0 0 1 5.326-.001Zm-30.327 0a2.919 2.919 0 1 1-5.837 0 2.919 2.919 0 0 1 5.837 0Zm-30.837 0a3.173 3.173 0 1 1-6.345.001 3.173 3.173 0 0 1 6.345 0Zm-31.346 0a3.428 3.428 0 1 1-6.856 0 3.428 3.428 0 0 1 6.856 0Zm-31.856 0a3.683 3.683 0 1 1-7.365 0 3.683 3.683 0 0 1 7.365 0Zm-32.365 0a3.937 3.937 0 1 1-7.875 0 3.937 3.937 0 0 1 7.875 0Zm-32.874 0a4.192 4.192 0 1 1-8.384 0 4.192 4.192 0 0 1 8.384 0Z\" fill=\"#FFF960\"\/><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header__second\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header__branch-logos\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Industriele-elektronica.svg\" class=\"header__branch-logo\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n\t<div class=\"header__meta\">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"header__meta__category\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header__meta__detail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div>Branch<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/kennishub\/?_branches_kennishub=industriele-elektronica\" class=\"header__meta__detail--branch\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIndustrial Electronics\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header__meta__detail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div>Subject<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/kennishub\/?_onderwerp_kennishub=industriele-elektronica\" class=\"header__meta__detail--categorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIndustrial Electronics\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/kennishub\/?_onderwerp_kennishub=communicatie-technologie\" class=\"header__meta__detail--categorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCommunication technology\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/kennishub\/?_onderwerp_kennishub=elektronicaproductie\" class=\"header__meta__detail--categorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElectronics manufacturing\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/kennishub\/?_onderwerp_kennishub=test-en-meetapparatuur\" class=\"header__meta__detail--categorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTest and measuring equipment\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"text bg--white\">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text__content text__content--1-col\">\n\t\t\t<p><strong>QuTech, the advanced research center for quantum computers, will host the RF Technology event 2022 this year. One of the speakers is Fabio Sebastiano, assistant professor at TU Delft. He will <a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/rftechnologydays\/cryogenic-cmos-microwave-drivers-for-large-scale-quantum-computers\/\">give a lecture<\/a> on the application of cmos microwave drivers at cryogenic temperatures. FHI spoke with the scientist.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>By: Dimitri Reijerman<\/p>\r\n<p>At QuTech, a collaboration between TU Delft, TNO and industrial partners, a lot of fundamental research is done on quantum computers and internet. Sebastiano explains his contribution: \u201cMy research focuses on cryogenic electronics to enable large-scale quantum computers. The fundamental components of quantum computers are quantum bits or qubits. For a quantum computer to work properly, qubits need to be cooled at cryogenic temperatures. However, qubits alone are not enough to build a quantum computer: they need to be connected to an electrical interface to provide electrical signals to perform operations and to measure the results of the calculations. In today\u2019s state-of-the-art quantum computers, such an electrical interface is used at room temperature and connected to the qubits in a cryogenic chamber with long cables.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>But that\u2019s where the complexity comes in, says Sebastiano: \u201cThis approach is feasible for the few qubits available today \u2013 less than 100 \u2013 but it will be unfeasible for thousands or millions of qubits, because of the unreliability and the volume of so many cables. And we will need millions of qubits to build quantum computers that can solve practical problems. To address this challenge, I want to bring the cryogenic electronic interface as close as possible to the qubits by applying cryogenic electronics.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>The role of cmos microwave drivers<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>CMOS microwave drivers thus play an important role in controlling qubits. Sebastiano explains how this works: \u201cOne of the fundamental requirements in quantum computing is to be able to generate microwave electrical signals that are sent to the qubits. By properly shaping these signals, both in amplitude and duration, a specific operation can be enforced on the qubits. The CMOS microwave drivers are electronic circuits that generate such signals to perform quantum operations on the qubits. In particular, our microwave drivers can generate signals in the frequency range of 2GHz to 20GHz. Already, to control 128 qubits, our proposed integrated circuit uses about 100 million transistors. As mentioned below, the electronics need to operate at cryogenic temperatures to alleviate the wiring requirements. It turns out that standard CMOS devices can operate at cryogenic temperatures, and with specific design techniques we were able to achieve the high performance and low power required for controlling qubits. High performance because qubits are extremely fragile and require very precise electrical signals. Low power because the cooling capacity of cryogenic refrigerators is limited.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>Fundamental research at QuTech faces many challenges. The development of a cryogenic CMOS interface is also a complex task, says the scientist: \u201cFirstly, qubits are fragile and therefore require very precise and low-noise control signals. The electronics must therefore deliver high performance. At the same time, while high performance in a circuit usually translates into higher power consumption, in a cryogenic circuit the maximum power consumption is limited by the cooling capacity of the refrigerator. So we have to build circuits with high efficiency, i.e. achieve high performance with a limited energy budget. In order to optimize the circuit for optimal power consumption, we also have to know exactly what the qubits need. This prevents an unnecessarily complex design. To solve this, we had to study the effect of each characteristic of the electrical signal on the qubit performance and co-simulate and co-design the qubits and the electronics.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>But even the extremely low temperatures put scientists and their designs to the test, says Sebastiano: \u201cCMOS devices are not built to operate at cryogenic temperatures, and there is no standard model to simulate their behavior at cryogenic temperatures, which is very different from room temperature. To address this issue, my group worked on the one hand to characterize CMOS devices at those temperatures and build suitable simulation models, and on the other hand to develop circuit design techniques that take such different behavior into account.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>How much longer do we have to wait?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>QuTech, like other researchers, is making steady progress in their research into quantum computers. However, it will still take years before practically usable quantum computers are available, Sebastiano believes: \u201cFunctional quantum computers are already a reality. However, the main problems are the very high error rate of state-of-the-art qubits and the low number of qubits available in those machines. I think it will take another ten years before quantum computers can solve complex practical problems, that is, problems that cannot be solved by standard computers and that have practical applications, such as simulating a complex molecule or a new material.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>Meanwhile, the University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) is also getting interesting <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmosmagazine.com\/physics\/artificial-atoms-create-stable-qubits\">research<\/a> done on how to embed qubits on chips using artificial atoms. Sebastiano is very interested in this research by his colleagues: \u201cThe UNSW researchers have shown a new, more reliable and robust way to build qubits based on spin qubits. This is very exciting, because I am a big fan of these types of qubits as candidates for large-scale quantum computers. Various ways of building qubits are currently being explored, but spin qubits have promising properties: they are extremely small, allowing millions to be built into a small integrated circuit, they can be operated at a relatively higher temperature \u2013 above 1K \u2013 for which better cooling capabilities are available. This means that they can in principle be integrated on the same chip alongside regular CMOS electronics. So they are the best candidate to be driven by the cryo-CMOS circuits that I am developing, and integrated together with such electronics.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p><em>Would you like to attend Fabio Sebastiano&#039;s lecture? <a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/rftechnologydays\/aanmeldformulier-bezoekers-rf-technology-event-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sign up for free <\/a>for the <a href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/rftechnologydays\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RF Technology event 2022.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"articles bg--offwhite automatic\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"container\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"articles__header\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='heading-wrapper'><svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" viewbox=\"0 0 13 13\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"6.394\" cy=\"6.5\" r=\"6.394\" fill=\"#000\"\/><\/svg><h2>Related articles<\/h2><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/en\/profiel\/fhi-federatie-van-technologie-branches\/\" class=\"button button--outline\">view profile<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"post-grid post-grid--no-padding\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\n<a class=\"single-item single-item__articles\" href=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/en\/news\/kort-economisch-coronanieuws-van-23-september\/\" data-id=\"41056\">\n\t<div class=\"single-item__articles-icon\">\n\t\t<svg width=\"35\" height=\"35\" viewbox=\"0 0 35 35\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<mask id=\"mask0_1182_5532\" style=\"mask-type:luminance\" maskunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"35\" height=\"35\">\n<path d=\"M0 0H35V35H0V0Z\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n<\/mask>\n<g mask=\"url(#mask0_1182_5532)\">\n<path d=\"M5.12695 9.22852H1.02539V31.9238H10.4299C12.2868 31.9238 14.0678 32.6615 15.3809 33.9746H19.6191C20.9322 32.6615 22.7132 31.9238 24.5701 31.9238H33.9746V11.2793H29.873\" stroke=\"#2A5CEE\" stroke-width=\"2\" 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https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1620x1080.jpg 1620w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-576x384.jpg 576w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-425x283.jpg 425w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-960x640.jpg 960w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-200x133.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__logo\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__title\">Acal BFi Netherlands<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__description\">Introduction Acal BFi helps (high tech) companies and (semi) governments with advice, design and delivery of electronic components and systems. We do this together with partners such as Sierra Wireless,\u2026<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"single-item__button\"><a href=\"\/en\/exposant\/acal-bfi-nederland\/\" class=\"button button--secondary\">View<\/a><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"single-item single-item__companies\">\n\t<div class=\"single-item__background\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1620x1080.jpg 1620w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-576x384.jpg 576w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-425x283.jpg 425w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-960x640.jpg 960w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-200x133.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__logo\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/files\/a5e1140d56aecc924b2315af142ceddf-d9a2ab3da255035be65ce0971c95c7f5eb307c30-microtron-logo-full-color-rgb-900px-w-72ppi-thumb.png\" alt=\"\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__title\">Microtron<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__description\">With Microtron you choose a flexible and reliable partner within the Benelux, who thinks along with you based on 40 years of expertise in industrial computer systems. Microtron supports you with\u2026<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"single-item__button\"><a href=\"\/en\/exposant\/microtron\/\" class=\"button button--secondary\">View<\/a><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"single-item single-item__companies\">\n\t<div class=\"single-item__background\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-1620x1080.jpg 1620w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-576x384.jpg 576w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-425x283.jpg 425w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-960x640.jpg 960w, https:\/\/fhi.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/04\/8ce218ee66df5b4ed2dc0af68573d626-200x133.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__logo\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__title\">Aero Team Eindhoven<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-item__description\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"single-item__button\"><a href=\"\/en\/profiel\/aero-team-eindhoven\/\" class=\"button button--secondary\">View<\/a><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":36700,"template":"","branches":[13],"events":[370],"secretariat":[],"categories":[16,20,57,22],"themes_tax":[527],"content_types":[],"class_list":["post-36699","news","type-news","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>De lange weg naar grootschalige kwantumcomputers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"QuTech, het geavanceerde onderzoekscentrum naar kwantumcomputers, is dit jaar de gastheer voor het RF Technology event 2022. 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