Bas ten Have, University of Twente
Bas ten Have obtained his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 2015, followed by his master's degree in electrical engineering 
electrical engineering in 2018, both at the University of Twente.
Since June 2018 he has been working as a PhD candidate in the Power Electronics and Electromagnetic Compatibility group at the University of Twente. Here he is working on a project on electromagnetic interference on static energy meters, MeterEMI [1]. He focuses on testing static meters both in lab situations and in-situ, analyzing critical waveforms and developing test instrumentation.
Static energy meters are used in households to measure consumers' energy consumption. Meters with a communication interface to the energy provider are also called smart meters. Static energy meters are used throughout Europe and replace old electromechanical meters, also known as Ferraris meters. Research shows that incorrect energy measurements occur due to electromagnetic interference from narrow pulse-shaped currents. These pulse shaped currents are caused by energy efficient equipment where the current does not follow the mains voltage, unlike linear equipment, Figure 1. As a result, static energy meter deviations have been found due to dimmed modern lighting [2] and a speed controlled water pump [3]. Maximum meter deviations of +2675% were found [4].
Figure 1. On the left a linear load on a heater and on the right a non-linear load on a speed controlled water pump.
Within the MeterEMI project, in-situ measurements were made to investigate which forms of current occur in meter cupboards and are measured by static energy meters. Various test locations in different countries in Europe were examined for 10 days. An overview of the measurement method used and preliminary results was already presented in the knowledge update in [5]. The research results show very harmonically polluted and pulsating current shapes in low-voltage networks, Figure 2. In future research, these complex current shapes will be analyzed and described by means of a parametric description.
Figure 2: Common distorted current shapes as investigated in [6].
Because the interference signals are non-linear pulse-shaped signals that consist of a combination of various frequency components, the question arose whether it would not be more intuitive to perform response tests using pulse-shaped signals. Research on testing current transformers with these types of signals was published in [7] and explained in the knowledge update in [8]. It has been shown that a time-domain test using pulsed signals offers a good alternative to and possibly a more intuitive test method than traditional frequency-domain test methods. Multiple frequencies are tested simultaneously using the pulse-shaped signals, compared to one frequency per time instant with a traditional test.
[1] MeterEMI, http://empir.npl.co.uk/meteremi/.
[2] F. Leferink, C. Keyer, and A. Melentjev, “Static energy meter errors caused by conducted electromagnetic interference,” IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, vol.5 no. 4, pp. 49-55, 2016.
[3] B. ten Have, T. Hartman, N. Moonen, C. Keyer, and F. Leferink, “Faulty Readings of Static Energy Meters Caused by Conducted Electromagnetic Interference from a Water Pump,” Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ), pp. 15-19, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, 2019.
[4] B. ten Have, T. Hartman, N. Moonen, and F. Leferink, “Inclination of Fast Changing Currents Effect the Readings of Static Energy Meters,” 2019 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2019), pp. 208-213, Barcelona, Spain, 2019.
[5] B. ten Have, “Research into current forms in the meter cupboard,” https://www.engineersonline.nl/artikelen/id1809-onderzoek-naar-de-stroom-golfvormen-in-meterkasten.html.
[6] B. ten Have, M.A. Azpúrua, M. Pous, F. Silva, and F. Leferink, “On-Site Waveform Survey in LV Distribution Network using a Photovoltaic Installation,” 2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2020), Rome, Italy, 2020.
[7] B. ten Have, “The use of pulse signals for response testing,” https://www.engineersonline.nl/artikelen/id1797-het-gebruik-van-pulsvormige-signalen-voor-responsie-testen.html.
[8] B. ten Have, N. Moonen, and F. Leferink, “Time Domain Analysis of Current Transducer Responses using Impulsive Signals,” IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications (Early Access), October, 2020.
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